- International competitiveness The ability of a firm, an industry, or a country to compete in the international marketplace at a stable or
rising standard of living.
- Extraterritoriality An exemption from rules and regulations of one
country that may challenge the national sovereignty of another. The application
of one country’s rules and regulations abroad.
- Sanction A governmental action, usually consisting of a specific coercive
trade measure, that distorts the free flow of trade for an adversarial or
political purpose rather than an economic one.
- Embargo A governmental action, usually prohibiting trade entirely, for a
decidedly adversarial or political rather than economic purpose
- Export-control system A system designed to deny or at least delay the
acquisition of strategically important goods to adversaries; in the United States,
based on the Export Administration Act and the Munitions Control Act.
- Export license A license provided by the government which permits the export of sensitive
goods or services.
- Critical commodities list Governmental information about products that are either particularly sensitive to national security or controlled for other purposes.
- Foreign availability The degree to which products similar to those of
a firm can be obtained in markets outside the firm’s home country; crucial to
export determination.
- Boycott An organized effort to refrain from conducting business with a
particular country of origin or seller of goods or services; used in the international
arena for political or economic reasons.
- Antitrust laws: Laws that prohibit
monopolies, restraint of trade, and conspiracies to inhibit competition.
- Bribery The use of
payments or favors to obtain some right or benefit to which the briber has no
legal right; a criminal offense in the United States but a way of life in many
countries.
- Corruption Payments or favors made to officials in return for services.
- Political risk The risk of loss by an international corporation of assets, earning power,
or managerial control as a result of political actions by the host country.
- Ownership risk The risk inherent in maintaining ownership of property abroad. The
exposure of foreign owned assets to governmental intervention.
- Operating risk The danger of interference by governments or other groups in one’s
corporate operating abroad.
- Transfer risk The danger of having one’s ability to transfer profits or products in
and out of a country inhibited by governmental rules and regulations .terrorism Illegal and violent acts toward property and people.
- Expropriation The government takeover of a company with compensation, frequently at
a level lower than the investment value of the company’s assets.
- Confiscation The forceful government seizure of accompany without compensation for
the assets seized.
- Domestication Government
demand for partial transfer of ownership and management responsibility from a foreign
company to local entities, with or without compensation.
- Exchange controls: Controls on the movement of capital in and out
of a country, sometimes imposed when the country faces a shortage of foreign
currency.
- Tax policy A means by which countries may control foreign investors.
- International law The body of rules governing relationships between
sovereign states; also certain treaties and agreements respected by a number of
countries.
- Arbitration The procedure
for settling a dispute in which an objective third party hears both sides and makes
a decision; a procedure for resolving conflict in the international business
arena through the use of intermediaries such as representatives of chambers of
commerce, trade associations, or third-country institutions
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